We’re going to look at the file system on the first partition on the first hard drive, so we type the following: df -i /dev/sda1 The -i (inodes) option of the df command instructs it to display its output in numbers of inodes. There’s a command you can use to see how many inodes are in a file system on your computer. Directory structures are created on the fly when the file system is in use, as files and directories are created within the file system. In practice, the number of inodes in an ext4 file system is determined when the file system is created at a default ratio of one inode per 16 KB of file system capacity. This means the inode number is an integer value with a maximum size of 2^32, which calculates out to 4,294,967,295-well over 4 billion inodes.
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The variable that contains the inode number is declared in the source code as a 32-bit, unsigned long integer. Directory structures are also called directory entries, or “dentries.” Every file and directory requires an inode, and because every file is in a directory, every file also requires a directory structure. There are thousands and thousands of each structure. While it’s true there’s a pair of structures, a file system requires many more than that.
They make the metadata available to anyone who requires it, whether that’s the kernel, user applications, or Linux utilities, such as ls, stat, and df. In the Linux ext4 file system, the inode and directory structures work together to provide an underpinning framework that stores all the metadata for every file and directory. This information is called metadata because it’s data that describes other data. The files are stored within the directories, and these directories can have subdirectories. Something, somewhere, has to record where all the files are located within the file system, what they’re called, which accounts they belong to, which permissions they have, and much more. By definition, a file system needs to store files, and they also contain directories.
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